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Eugenics © 


Read at the Onslow County Medical Soctety 
Jacksonville, N.C., January 21, 1916 


—> 


Whe Growth of a North 


Carolina Idea 


| bad at the Seaboard Medical Society, Norfolk, Va. 
: December 8-9, 1915 


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By 
C Dr. C. Banks McNairy 


ef F Superintendent Caswell Training School 
% Kinston, N. C. 


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KUGENICS 


— 


Eugenics, ‘The science which deals with the 
improvement and -culture of race, especially 
the human race, through improved conditicns 
in the relation of the sexes,’ so defines Web- 
ster. The common accepted idea among the 
laity, we believe, is that the word has but one 
meaning and that is to prohibit by legal enact- 
ment the marriage of certain undesirable in- 
dividuals. This to our minds is one of the 
minor phases of the subject. We understand 
it to mean any and everything that deals with 
improvement and culture of the human race 
and the relation of the sexes. Not only to cur- 
tail and prevent in every way the propaga- 
tion of the socially unfit, mentally and physic- 
ally, but more especially to encourage the 
propagation of the socially fit and desirable 
with the hope of increasing a better, purer, and 
greater posterity. 


In discussing Eugenics, it is absolutely nec- 
essary that both the positive and the nega-. 
tive side should receive attention together; 
and it is our purpose to give a few points on 
both sides. In this discussion we must first 
find the necessity for the same, and that leads 
us back to our often discussed subject, ait 
"ok aia ; 


“Dr. Goddard, Director of the Vineland 
Training School of New Jersey, traced the 
ancestry of a twenty-two-year-old girl in that 
institution through one thousand one hundred- 
seven. individuals back to the Revolutionary 
War. A young man of good family after his 
discharge from the Continental Army, mated 
with a feeble-minded New Jersey woman of 
whom the Vineland girl is a lineal descendant. 
From the known histories of four hundred and 
eighty descendants, it is shown that one hun- 
dred and forty-three are feeble-minded per- 
sons, thirty-six illegitimates, thirty-three wo- 
men of loose character, eight keepers of broth- 
els, eighty-two died in infancy, three were 
criminals, one insane, twenty-four alcoholic, 
three epileptics, three syphilitics, and nearly 
all the others were defectives of one kind or 
another. 

“Contrast these miserable beings with the 
Jonathan Edwards family, one of the most 
brilliant in American history. Of one thou- 
sand three hundred and ninety-four descend- 
ants, two hundred and ninety-five were col- 
lege graduates, seventy-eight were college 
presidents or professors, six physicians, one 
hundred clergymen, one hundred lawyers, 
thirty judges, sixty prominent authors, eighty 
public officials, and seventy-five officers in the 
army and navy. 

“There is something in heredity. There is 
a great deal in it.. And heredity plus inter- 
marriage equals no end of ev ls. Dr. McCul- 
lough’s study of what he calls the Ben Ish- 
mael family of Central Indiana, which has 

4 


EI 


intermarried since 1840, shows that in this 
family h'story there are few persons who are 
not defective in some way. Many of the wo- 
men are bad, and nearly all the men are 
thieves.” 

I quote the following from Prof. Conklin, 
Professor of Biology, Princeton University, 
New Jersey: “No well informed person doubts 
that the principles of heredity and evolution 
apply to man as well as to the lower organ- 
isms, and in spite of much controversy with 
respect to the importance of natural selection, 
I make bold to assert that no other principle 
has yet been suggested of equal importance 
with this, and that the elimination of the 
unfit affords not only the only natural expla- 
nat.on for the existence of fitness, but also 
the only means by which breeders have been 
able to improve domesticated animals and cul- 
tivated plants. The only possble_ control 
which mankind can exercise over the produc- 
tion of improved races of lower organisms or 
of men lies in the elimination from reproduc- 
tion of the less favorable variations which are 
furnished by nature. For it has become more 
and more clear in recent years that while 
environment exercises a great influence over 
the development of the individual, its influ- 
ence on the germ plasm or the hereditary 
characteristics of the race is relatively sl’ ght 
and in general are not of a definite or specific 
character. 

“Probably environment may under certain 
circumstances modify the germ plasm, but 
there is no evidence that good environment 


< 


a 


will produce good modifications, and bad en- 
vironment bad modifications in this hereditary 
substance. 

“Consequently, the only method which is 
left to man for improving races is found in 
sorting out the favorable varieties from the 
unfavorable ones which are furnished by na- 
ture. If the human race is to be permanently 
improved in its inherited characteristics there 
is no doubt that it must be accomplished in the 
same way in which man has made improve- 
ments in the various races of domesticated 
animals and cultivated plants.” 

Fortunately, or unfortunately, the methods 
which breeders use cannot be rigidly applied 
in the case of man. However, it is within the 
power of society to eliminate from reproduc- 
tion this dependent class. 

How can the number of defectives born from 
defective parents be reduced? Evidently if 
these defects are hereditary it can be done 
only by preventing their breeding, since in 
modern society defectives cannot be destroyed 
by Spartan methods. 

“The study of heredity shows that the 
normal brothers and sisters, or even more dis- 
tant relatives, of defective persons may carry 
the defect in their germ plasm and may trans- 
mit it to their descendants though not show- 
ing it themselves. Such persons are more 
dangerous to society than the defectives 
themselves. And yet it is probably im- 
possible rigidly to exclude them from repro- 
duction.”” Some are feeble-minded, some are 
born fools, some acquire foolishness and some 

6 


have foolishness thrust upon them even with 
apparently good heredity and good environ- 
ment. 

The latter are not a few. We know of no 
means to prevent these mistakes of nature. 
The eugenicist sometimes explains these mis- 
takes, after they have occurred, with much 
more accuracy than he can predict or prophesy 
them. 

“Furthermore, other and perhaps more seri- 
ous objections to the views of extreme eugen- 
icists are to be found in human ideals of mo- 
rality. Even for the laudable purpose of pro- 
ducing a race of supermen, mankind will never 
consent to be reduced to the morality of a 
breeding-pen with a total disregard of mar- 
riage and monogamy. The geneticist who has 
dealt only with chickens or rabbits or cattle is 
apt to overlook the vast difference between 
controlling reproduction in lower animals and 
in the case of man where restraints must be 
self-imposed. 

“Another fundamental difficulty in breed- 
ing a better race of man is to be found in the 
lack of uniform ideals. A breeder of domestic 
animals lives long enough to develop certain 
races and see them well established, but the 
devotee of eugenics cannot be sure that his or 
her ideals will be followed in succeeding gen- 
erations.” | 

“By direct heredity is meant the transmis- 
Sion of a trait or a quality that will, in spite 
ef controlled environment, appear at some 
time in the course of development of the in- 
dividual. Thus the exact digit in polydactyl- 

fi 


ism appears early during the second month 
of gestation. In children destined to be brown- 
eyed, the brown iris pigment appears during 
the first few days after birth. Normally a 
child begins to shed his milk teeth at the age 
of about six years. With males the beard ap- 
pears in early manhood. Usually Hunting- 
ton’s chorea appears in:tainted individuals at 
the age of approximately fifty years. All of 
these are traits of direct heredity. In these 
heredity is the primary factor, environment 
has but little to do with them. 

“There is a second type of heredity which 
might well be called ‘indirect heredity’ or 
‘heredity-diathesis,’ ‘susceptibility’ or ‘pre- 
disposition.’ In this sort of heredity, environ- 
ment plays a much greater part in determin- 
ining the human trait or condition than it 
plays in direct heredity, but even in such cases 
the exogenous forces are not all-important. 

“Heredity is, as it were, the foundation upon 
which environment builds the trait. In such 
cases heredity, although a less powerful fac- 
tor, is just as definite as with direct in- 
heritance, and the end product is a com- 
posite of hereditary and extrinsic factors. 
Thus, people do not, biologically. speaking, di- 
rectly inherit tuberculosis and yet they in- 
herit directly a constitutional makeup poss:bly 
both functional and chemical, as well as struc- 
tural, that causes them to fall an easy prey to 
this disease. People do not inherit poisoning 
of the poison ivy type, still some persons are 
immune to the effects of this poison while 
others readily become affected by it. Thus in 

8 


reference to their susceptibility and immunity 
there appears to be a chemical difference in 
persons which is directly hereditary, but it 
requires the presence of an exogenous agent 
in addition to the innate lack of resistance to 
cause the affection. 

“Human progress demands sincere and pur- 
poseful social endeavor in all the fields promis- 
ing social or racial betterment. As society be- 
comes more complex and scientific discovery 
moves apace, the field of profitable social en- 
deavor widens rapidly, but it is still clear that 
no one agency alone can effect a regeneration of 
humanity. In order to move forward humanity 
and civilization w:ll always require the best ef- 
forts of education, religion, philanthropy, ag- 
riculture, commerce, industry, social justice, 
law and order, medicine, technology and pure 
science. No one of these can carry the whole 
burden of progress although the decay of any 
one of them would cause a general deterioration 
to set in. Organization in society exists for the 
purpose of correlating and directing along 
profitable lines all of these agencies. HEugen- 
ics, which Davenport defines as ‘the improve- 
ment of the human race by better breeding,’ 
is one of these agencies of social betterment 
which in its practical application would great- 
ly promote human welfare, but which if neg- 
lected would cause racial, and consequently 
social, degeneration. 

“Hugenics, then is the warp in the fabric of 
national efficiency and perpetuity. As an art, 
it is as old as mankind; as a science, it is just 
now taking definite form. Whenever the prin- 

o 


ciples governing an art are definitely determ- 
ined and made to guide humanity, progress in 
the particular field so affected is rapid.” 

In view of these facts it behooves society in 
the interest of social and racial progress to 
devise means for promoting fit and fertile 
matings among the better classes and to pre- 
vent the reproduction of defectives. It mat- 
ters not in what stage of racial progress a 
people may be, it will always be desirable in 
the interest of a still further advancement to 
cut off the lowest levels, and to encourage the 
highest fecundity among the more gifted. 
There will always be a breeding stock of the 
social unfit. In addition to these unfit persons 
there are many parents who in many cases 
may themselves be normal but who produce 
defective offspring. This great mass of hu- 
manity is not only a social menace to the 
present generation, but it harbors the poten- 
tial parenthood of the social misfits of our 
future generations. In so far as the defective 
traits of the members of these varieties are 
inborn they are to be cut off only by cutting 
off the inherent lines of the strains that pro- 
duce them. This is the natural outcome of an 
awakened social conscience. It is in keeping 
not only with humanitarianism but also with 
law and order and natural efficiency. Under 
an older and harsher order of civilization these 
were cut down by disease, famine, and petty 
strife; under the present order there is a 
bolstering up of the lower and most helpless 
levels, so that their fecundity is evidently 
operating against these older, inhuman, but 

10 


racial purifying agencies. It now behooves 
society in consonance with both humanitarian- 
ism and race efficiency to provide more human 
means of cutting off defectives. 

Society must look upon germ plasm as be- 
longing to society not solely to the individual 
who carries it. Humanitarianism demands 
that every individual born be given every op- 
portunity for decent and effective life that our 
civilization affords. Racial interest demands 
that defectives shall not continue their un- 
worthy traits to menace society. There will 
always be insane, feebleminded, and deformed 
individuals, but they need not constitute so 
large a proportion of our total population, nor 
need they contaminate our more worthy fam- 
ilies. 

If the history of human civilization and 
plant and animal breeding has taught us any- 
thing it has taught us clearly that the human 
race is capable of vast improvement by racial 
selection of parents. And this selection can 
be done without sacrificing one whit our. ideals 
of love and fidelity. Hand in hand with the 
working out of the eugenical program will 
come an increased and enhanced feeling of the 
sanctity of life and parenthood. 

“HKiugenics is concerned with physical fitness 
no less than with mental and moral adequacy, 
for a race cannot long endure and rise in cul- 
ture unless its members be strong and dexter- 
ous physically.” 

Society must, at all costs, encourage an in- 
creased fecundity of the socially fit classes, 
and must cut off the inheritance of individ- 

am 


uals suffering from hereditary defects which 
seriously handicap their fitting into the social 
fabric. It therefore behooves the people of 
North Carolina to educate along eugenical 
lines, not only the more sterling classes to the 
end that they may make fortunate matings, 
but also those individuals with educable minds 
who suffer from hereditary defects to the end 
that they will voluntarily decline to increase 
their kind. With intell'gent people, then, eu- 
genical marriage appears to be largely a mat- 
ter of education. In individual cases, wherein 
this remedy fails, segregation or sterilization 
should be resorted to as a supporting measure. 

It may be fitting again to call attention to 
the eugenic value of the policy of resorting to 
segregation or sterilization in all cacogenic 
cases wherein it is apparent that preventive 
agencies have failed or will fail. If steriliza- 
tion is opposed, let its opponents bestir them- 
selves and make efficacious other remedies. 

“We need to avail ourselves of every pos- 
sible means for our own advancement. Quite 
naturally these means fall into two classes: 

(1) Those pertaining to improving the con- 
dition of individuals already born. (2) Those 
concerning the improvement of the innate 
qualities of future generations. The latter 
means is the concern of the science of eu- 
genics; and eugenics in turn works quite nat- ~ 
urally along two channels: 

(1) Concerning the increased fecundity and 
fortunate matings of the better classes; (2) 
Concerning the cutting off of the supply of 
defectives. Eugenics is, at best, a long-time 

i 


investment and will appeal only to far-sighted 
patriots. Like all other long-time invest- 
ments, the earlier and greater the primary in- 
vestment, in accordance with the familiar prin- 
ciple of geometrical progression, the vastly 
greater the end result.” 


“Tf each man’s secret unguessed care 
Were written on his brow, 

How many would our pity share 
Who have our envy now. 

And if the promptings of each heart 
No artifice concealed, 

How many trusting friends would part 
At what they saw revealed.” 


THE GROWTH OF A NORTH 
CAROLINA IDEA 


—- 


Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Seaboard Medical 
Society, Ladies and Gentlemen: 

This is my first visit to your beautiful city, 
and I assure you it is quite a pleasure. Asa 
North Carolinian, I can but feel at home here, 
for I learn that a large per cent of your citi- 
zens are either North Carolinians or descend- 
ants of them. Now a Tar Heel is always at 
home wherever he finds another; and the next 
best thing to a Tar Heel is a Virginian. Our 
states being parallel it is but natural that in 
many instances our interests are mutual; a 
fact recognized in the organization of this so- 
ciety, The Seaboard Medical Society of Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina. 

Tonight I find myself in the same predica- 
ment as one of my neighbors who some years 
ago went over into an adjoining neighborhood 
to attend church. There was another gentle- 
men there of the same name, and when the 
pastor called upon Brother Barnhardt to lead 
in prayer this gentleman, thinking he was the 
only Barnhardt there, stammered out, ‘Par- 
son, this is out of my line of business.” Ora- 
tory is certainly not in my line. 

My idea is that an oration on an occasion 
like this should deal with something of a pro- 

14 


phetic nature along scientific lines and future 
investigations, and this idea alone would nat- 
urally eliminate me. 

Casting about as I did for months for a sub- 
ject that I thought I would be able to make in- 
teresting, I decided it might be well on this 
occasion to depart from the usual order and 
recapitulate, look back, and see if we could 
not get an inspiration from some of the work 
done for humanity by this society in my spec- 
ial line of endeavor. 

It is but natural that all workers along res- 
cue and feeble-minded lines first want to know, 
as far as possible, the causes that produce 
this condition; and why it is that with all our 
humanitarianism this unfortunate class of 
citizens is constantly on the increase. 

In looking back over history one cannot but 
be impressed with the stern method of exterm- 
ination used by the legal profession in its 
elimination of the criminal. In the old English 
laws there were some two hundred and sixty- 
three capital offenses; and even in our dear 
Old North State, a little more than fifty years 
ago, there were fifty crimes punishable with 
death. Today three exist. It is but natural 
that the criminal, the degenerate, the insane, 
and the feeble-minded were sooner or later to 
be entrapped in this maelstrom of legality. 

Quoting Charles O. Laughinghouse: “Med- 
ically speaking, we are living in the most won- 
derful time in the history of medicine. It is 
not an exaggeration to say that more has been 
accomplished in the past eighty years to ad- 
vance medical science, to prolong life, to re- 


15 


_lieve human suffering, and to improve the hu- 
man species than was accomplished in the last 
forty centuries.”’ And yet, my dear sirs, while 
the medical profession has made these wonder- 
ful strides in alleviating suffering, neither the 
medical profession nor the legal profession, 
and I might say not even the clergy has done 
anything worthy of note to remove the cause 
of crime, insanity and feeble-mindedness. With 
all our humanitarian laws, Christian brother- 
hoods, and medical progress we have as yet 
accomplished little looking toward the uproot- 
ing of the prime causes and factors of this 
ever-blight upon society, insanity, the social 
evil, and feeble-mindedness. 

To a student of today, it is a wonder why 
society has been so long indifferent in apply- 
ing the same scientific facts in raising human 
beings that botanists, stock-raisers, and poul- 
trymen have adopted in their methods of im- 
proving plant life, animals, and fowls. They 
have recognized natural selection, the survival 
of the fittest in their lines, but when it comes 
to the propagation of the human family it 
seems that we are too timid or too sympathetic 
to apply the same laws. 

Like produces like. And the only sensible, 
as well as scientific, conclusion reached so far 
is that like must produce like. ‘Parents are 
apt to see no injustice in the fact that they are 
often annoyed with their offspring for possess- 
ing attributes, both of character and appear- 
ance, with which they themselves have en- 
dowed them.” The law of heredity. I am 
aware of the fact that some of my good 

16 


friends and professional brethren differ from 
me, but I am thoroughly convinced that envir- 
onment does nothing more than enable one to 
make the best of his heredity, or the worst; 
to stimulate the desirable and curb the unde- 
sirable, or vice versa. 

Only within the past few years has any note 
been taken in North Carolina and Virginia 
of these ever increasing hordes of this unde- 
sirable class of citizens. The first records I 
can find in my own state calling the atten- 
tion of the public to the necessity of looking 
after these unfortunates was a cancelled will 
written by an attorney in 1893 for Prof. E. 
McK. Goodwin, Superintendent of the Deaf 
and Dumb School at Morganton, N. C. He 
often made mention of the necessity for such 
an institution in a number of his biennial re- 
ports, and discussed the matter with North 
Carolina’s great educational governor, Chas. 
B. Aycock, who he hoped would recommend it 
in his report. For some reason, however, it 
was omitted. 

About the same time Prof. John E. Ray, 
Superintendent of the School for the Blind at 
Raleigh, was giving the subject considerable 
thought, and for years had made mention of 
it in his reports, asking that something be 
done to protect, train and prevent feeble-mind- 
edness. But there was never any public'ty 
given to these suggestions, nor can I find that 
any action was ever taken upon them. So it | 
remainded for that courteous gentleman, Dr. 
Ira M. Hardy, then of Washington, N. C., 
although never having seen or read any of 

vanes 


these reports; but for various reasons, and 
knowing a number of these unfortunates per- 
sonally, and feeling that there was something 
that could be and should be done for them, it 
was left for him to bring the matter into pub- 
lic thought. 

He wrote the National Bureau of Education, 
received reports of the leading Northern insti- 
tutions, studied them and had a dream, yea, 
a vision that North Carolina should and would 
establish an institution for this special pur- . 
pose. He pondered the question over and 
over again, visited different institutions in 
the North and West, discussed it with his 
friends, neighbors, politicians and the judic- 
lary in his community, none of whom however 
gave him any encouragement. They consider- 
ed it a mere fancy, a dream that would vanish 
as castles in Spain. But never tiring, never 
becoming discouraged, st ll working and hop- 
ing for years, he at last brought to this med- 
ical society at its annual session in Kinston in 
1910 that notable paper, “What it Costs”; 
which to my knowledge was the first paper 
ever read upon the subject in North Carolina. 

His paper was discussed by my good friend, 
the skilled and eloquent Dr. Cyrus Thompson, 
and this society unanimously adopted the sug- 
gestion and ordered that many copies of the 
paper be printed and d‘stributed in both Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina. 

Dr. Hardy, with the assistance of his rep- 
resentative, Hon. W. A. Thompson, drew a b ll, 
went to Raleigh and had a conference with the 
Hon. W. W. Kitchin, then governor of North 

18 


Carolina, who made recommendations to the 
leg'slature that something be done. Dr. Hardy 
continued to work and to discuss the subject 
with the members of the legislature, getting 
his friend, Hon. W. A. Thompson, to introduce 
the bill in the House. In the Senate the bill 
was introduced by Dr. Cartwright who, by the 
way, said at first that he would have to state, 
“It was by request.” However, after discuss- 
ing the matter privately with Dr. Hardy he 
adopted it as his own and introduced it; and 
with the help and support of Hon. Messrs. 
Baggett, Martin, Dr. Sykes, and others he 
was able to get the bill through the Senate 
with an appropriation of of $60,000.00. 

Mr. Thompson, with the aid of Dr. Kent, E. 
M. Koonce, Majette and others, who spoke so 
eloquently and worked so faithfully in its be- 
half, was. able to get the bill through the 
House. So as the result of years of this work 
of love by Dr. Hardy and his supporters and 
advisors the institution became a reality. 

A Board of Directors was appointed, Dr. 
Hardy was elected superintendent, and. the 
magnanimous offer from the city of Kinston 
of nine hundred acres of beautiful Neuse River 
bottom land was accepted. 

The first brick was laid by Dr. Hardy in 
April of 1911, and the address of the occasion 
was delivered by that forceful speaker, Dr. 
Laughinghouse, of Greenville, from whom I 
have already quoted. 

To me the sad part is that I had no part nor 
parcel in the birth of this institution. After 
months of worry and discouragement as is 

19 


usually the case in beginning a movement of 
this kind, we were able to open up the North 
Carolina School for the Feeble-Minded, now 
known as the Caswell Training School, for the 
reception of pupils July 1, 1914, where today 
we are taking care of 130 girls and boys in 
training, and hope to open up our new dorm- 
itory by January 1st, which will accommodate 
about another hundred. 

I learn that you all have a building or two 
in conection with your Epileptic Colony taking 
care of near a hundred. And since writing 
the above, I have been informed that your 
State Medical Society at its last session took 
action looking to the establishment of a separ- 
ate training’ school. 

Gentlemen, this one act in itself is enough 
to make the Seaboard Medical Society fam- 
ous. And for years to come the fathers and 
mothers of the feeble-minded children of Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina will rise up and call 
you “Blessed.” But past blessing sufficeth 
not. I would not depreciate nor cast cold 
water upon the efforts and work of our State 
Boards of Health and their able corps of as- 
sistants; and God forbid that I should in any 
way say or do anything that would retard the 
work being done to prevent tuberculosis, 
much less reflect upon the grand human tarian 
work being done by our alienists and neu- 
rologists in public and private institutions. 

Education, sanitation, fresh air, good diet, 
pleasant and healthful environments are all 
right and are doing wonders, but they will 
never relieve society of the great white plague 

20 


nor insanity, epilepsy, and feeble-mindedness 
until we quit breeding tubercular soil, insane, 
epileptic and feeble-minded persons. 


We have failed to realize the fact that the 
parents of children who die early in infancy 
and childhood die themselves early. The time 
has come when we must protect ourselves, our 
children, and their children by assuring the 
millions yet unborn that they have a right to 
be born healthy and strong both physically 
and mentally, and not the subjects of the 
curse of the sins of the fathers; that they 
may rise up and bless us, their forbears, and 
not be forced to damn our memories. 


To those who do not believe in heredity, I 
wish to say study that Old Book, the Book of 
Books, the Bible which grows nearer and 
dearer to me as the days go by, and which 
I find so applicable to all ages and conditions 
of man. I ask you to read the books of Sam- 
uel and the Kings, and tell me or show me is 
there anything more forcibly taught in the 
history of the Kings of Israel and Syria than 
the law of heredity and the punishment of the 
sins of the fathers? 

In conclusion, let us . 

First—Have some laws passed regulating 
marriage. 

Second—Prohibit the marriage of mental 
and physical defectives. 

Third—Sterilize the unfit and undesirable. 

I bespeak for myself that your interest in 
this noble work has not in the least abated, 
and that you will give me the same hearty 

| 


support and co-operation in helping to educate 
our children along eugenic lines that you gave 
Dr. Ira M. Hardy, the father of the institution 
over which I now preside. 


“T sing the song of the conquered, 
Who fell in the battle of life; 
The hymn of the. wounded, the beaten, 
Who died overwhelmed in the strife. 
Not the jubilant song of the victors, 
For whom the resounding acclaim 
Of nations was lifted in chorus, 
Whose brows wore the chaplet of fame. 
But the hymn of the low and the humble, 
The weary, the broken in heart, 
Who strove and who failed, acting bravely 
A silent and desperate part; 
Whose youth:bore no flower on its branches, 
Whose hopes burned in ashes away; 
From whose hands slipped the prize they had 
grasped at, 
Why stood at the dying of ae 
With the work of their life all around them, 
Unpitied, unheeded, alone, 
With death swooping down o’er their failures, 
And all but their faith overthrown.” 


22 


na 


00043583176 


USE ONLY IN 
THE NORTH CAROLINA COLL 


